0. Introduction

June 21, 2023 started, August 15 revised, January 15, 2024 revised. February 6 added, February 24, April 7, June 28, July 23, 2024, January 31, 2025, March 8, April 3, 2025 revised.

February 9, 2026, added Rejected Paper which was submitted to APS Physical Review D on May 30, 2025, and rejected because "the contents is shocking but no supporting paper".

February 16, 2026 added.

Takanori Senoh

0. Introduction

The Earth is rotating and revolving around the Sun. The Solar System is also said revolving in the Galaxy, following the Galaxy rotation. The whole Galaxy might be moving, too. Because everything around us is moving together with the Earth, we can't notice their motions. If there is something fixed, we can see the sum of all motions, which are affecting the Earth, by comparing us to it. Because the light has no weight, it is not affected by any other's motion and also it propagates even in a vacant space with the constant velocity of C= about 300,000(km/s) as the electro-magnetic wave. It can be a fixed index to the motion. Because the normal light spreads to 360 degrees all directions, to know the Earth motion, we have to reflect the light and make a fringe pattern. However, when the light is reflected, the Earth motion effect is almost canceled, and we have to measure a very small difference of about 10 billionth. If we use a laser beam, it doesn't spread and becomes a fixed index. Because the light source and the screen are moving together with the Earth, if the beam spot moves, it shows the motion of the Earth. Because the light speed C(m/s) is very fast, the time it returns by a mirror at L=1(m) away is just about T=7(ns). If the Earth motion is slow, we can't see the displacement of the beam spot. Because the Earth revolving speed V = about 30(km/s), which is 1/10,000 of the light speed C, the mirror moves 2/10,000 of the distance to the mirror L, about 0.2(mm), while the light returns.

1. Relativity Theory is Geo-centrism?

About 140 years ago, when the laser has not been invented, Maxwell (England) noticed the fact the Earth speed V affects the light propagation time. However, he couldn't measure it, because the effect was too small (V2/C2). When Michelson (USA) heard of this news, it was known that the mono-color light can generate a fringe pattern, he thought he could observe the Earth speed through the displacement of the fringe pattern affected by the Earth motion. He did the famous "Michelson-Morley's Experiment" by dividing a natrium light in two orthogonal directions and then make the fringe pattern of the reflected lights. If the Earth is moving, the fringe pattern position will move by rotating the observation system by 90 degrees. However, in his first experiment, the fringe pattern displacement was a half of his expectation.

It must be noted here, in his 1st experiment, the effect of Earth motion to light propagation existed and was surely measured.

Later, he noticed his expectation was wrong, twice large, but because the displacement was comparable to the noise level, he extended the light-path length 10 times longer in his 2nd experiment. But the fringe pattern didn't move at all. Some other scientists followed his experiment, but the results were the same. Consequently, people seem concluded "No-matter the Earth motion is, the light propagation time doesn't change." To explain this conclusion, Lorentz made a hypothesis "All objects shrink along their motion" in 1892. Einstein published "Special Relativity Theory " in 1905, where "on a moving observation system, time delays." Because this theory is difficult to verify by measuring the 1/100,000,000 difference in the experiments but it is mathematically no-defect, it has been believed to be "true" up to now. However, because the Michelson's 2nd experiment also had a problem, this conclusion, which is the fundamental premise of the Relativity Theory seems wrong. The detail is in the following link.

Relativity theory is Geo-centrism?

Lorentz's Contraction: moving object shrinks to √(１－V2/C2).

Relativity Theory: Clock for (T1+T2) delays to become equal to (T3+T4). Delay coefficient is 1/√(１－V2/C2).

These theories stand only when light is reflected. If not, they break down.

2. Observe Earth Motion

2-1. Earth Motion Observation (1)

Nowadays, because good laser pointers are easily available, I reproduced the experiment failed 140 years ago. Because the fringe pattern requires an expensive single-mode laser, and the measurement of fringe pattern displacement of 1/50 of the pattern interval is very difficult, the beam spot displacement was measured instead of making a fringe pattern. Because Michelson and others tried to detect the Earth motion effect to light propagation by putting the light direction parallel to the Earth motion and reflecting the light, they had to detect the light propagation time difference of 1/100,000,000. It was very difficult. On the contrary, because our method is putting the light direction perpendicular to the Earth motion, the Earth motion effect to the light propagation becomes 10,000 times larger than Michelson's method, and visible in the beam spot displacement of 1/10,000 of the light path length. Although this experiment cannot measure the light propagation time, because the beam displacement is just V/C, which is 10,000 times larger than the Michelson's expectation, it can easily measure the Earth motion. Also this method tells the Earth motion direction, too. In the experiment done in June to August 2023, a significant displacement was observed. It showed the Earth was moving to a different direction from its revolution direction with the speed of E= about 80(km/s), which is faster than the Earth revolution speed (V=30km/s). This motion can be explained by assuming the Solar system is revolving in the Galaxy with the Galaxy rotation speed of S= 220km/s in the left-turn and the whole Galaxy is also revolving with the speed of G=280km/s in the left-turn, as same as the Earth or Solar system's revolution. The detail is in the following link.

Earth Motion Observation 1

2-2. Earth Motion Observation (2)

Because this first experiment used mirrors which are sensitive to the external vibration, it was difficult to suppress the beam spot drift. This time, the experimental system was improved by removing the mirrors and observing the beam spot directly. Also, the fluctuation caused by the laser ON/OFF action was suppressed by enhancing the laser-pointer fixing method. Moreover, the beam spot made as small as possible by dimmer-filters and made the location of laser spot center more precise. Consequently, the spot drift was suppressed less than 0.1mm including the measurement errors. The observation became very accurate. On December 29, 2023, it was observed the Earth was moving with the speed of E= about 38.7km/s to the direction of 135 degrees right-turn from the Solar system's moving direction. From this result and the previous observation results, it was concluded the Galaxy seems moving with the speed of G= about 280km/s to the opposite direction to the Solar system motion. The detail is in the following link.

Earth Motion Observation 2

2-3. Earth Motion Observation (3)

Current observation method, fixing the laser beam direction on the Earth, cannot detect the Earth motion along the Earth axis, because the beam spot offset is always same. This time, a new observation system was built on a plastic pipe, which rigidity is high, and the weight is light, easy to handle. The new system measures the beam spot positions by rotating the beam direction 180 degrees, East to West or West to East. The result says the Earth is also moving along the Earth axis to the north pole star direction with the speed of E= about 59.5km/s. From the evidence of this result, the fact Milkyway looks long from South to North at night, and the Uranus ring is upright, which is different from the other planets, it seems our Galaxy is made of two orthogonal galaxies (our Solar galaxy and Milkyway galaxy). The detail is in the following link.

Earth Motion Observation 3

2-4. Earth Motion Observation (4)

To verify the observation results so far, around March 20, 2024 (Vernal Equinox Day) the spot positions of the laser system placed in East and West direction and another laser system placed in North to South direction were observed. The results show the Earth is moving to the North Polar Star direction with 42.6km/s and also moving from the Galaxy center to Sun direction (Vernal Equinox Day, evening 18:00 direction) with 53km/s. Because the Solar system motion (Vernal Equinox Day, midnight 0:00 direction) with 220km/s was not observed, the whole Galaxy motion must be cancelling it too. Consequently, our Galaxy is now moving to about afternoon 13:00 direction, with 226km/s.

During the observation from July 2023 to March 2024, the Galaxy motion direction (mainly to noon 12:00 direction on vernal equinox day) changed from slightly close to the Galaxy center to slightly outside of the Galaxy center. Because this change is quite fast comparing to the Galaxy revolution direction change, it might be the precession of the blackhole in the center of our Solar Galaxy, which is forming a twin star with the blackhole in the center of Milky-way galaxy. The detail is in the following link.

Earth Motion Observation4

2-5. Earth Motion Observation (5)

In June 20 and 21 (Summer Solstice), when the Sun, Earth, and Galaxy center align in linear, the Earth motion was observed to confirm the current prediction is correct. The result is, the Earth speed is reduced to about 10km/s. Its direction is largely changed to the direction of 22.5 degrees right turn from the Solar system motion direction. Also, the Earth motion to the North-polar-star direction is reduced to 13.8km/s (about 1/4 of the first observation). From these facts, the Galaxy center motion looks drawing a small circle on top of the large motion which is cancelling the Solar system motion (220km/s). This small circle motion enhances the thought that the blackhole in the center of our Solar Galaxy and the blackhole in the center of Milky-way galaxy consist a double-star, and they are revolving to each other. The detail is in the following link.

Earth Motion Observation5

2-6. Solar-system crosses Milky-way Galaxy

Recently, I noticed the Solar System is not parallel to the Milky-way Galaxy, but crossing with the angle of 60° up from the Autumnal equinox direction in the ecliptic plane, from ASJ (Astronomical Society Japan) Glossary of Astronomy (https://astro-dic.jp/galactic-plane/). This is reasonable from the Milky Way appearance, which looks long from South to North and left turned about 30° when facing to South at Summer solstice day (June around 20) midnight.

Because of this structure, the discussion on a 2D Solar-system plane is not enough and the observation in a 3D space is necessary. From this reason, additional fixed observation system was built to observe the East-to-West beam, besides the observation system with North-to-South beam. Also, the observation timing was increased twice much.

For this observation, a prediction equations including the Solar-system motion S, the Earth revolution V, and unknown Milky-way Galaxy motion G were built and compared them to the observation results. From the results it became clear these equations are degenerated and not enough to calculate above motions. The detail is in the following link.

Solar system crosses Milky-way Galaxy

2-7. Earth is moving to Polaris

To solve the equations, a new prediction equation was added which is the Earth motion prediction along the Earth axis. This motion can be measured by the portable EW or WE beam observation system. Consequently, the prediction equations were solved and the unknown Galaxy motion G and the Earth motion E were obtained as follows.

From fixed observation systems (E-W beam system, N-S beam system),

From portable observation system (E-W beam, W-E beam),

Graphs of all spot positions:

Graphs of average beam spot positions:

Obtained result shows our Milky-way galaxy is moving at G=177.8(km/s), which is nearly close to the Solar-system revolution speed S=220(km/s), to the opposite direction to the Solar-system revolution direction. By summing up these motions G, S, and V, it is shown Earth is moving to Polaris direction at almost same speed E=36.4(km/s) of the Earth revolution speed V=30(km/s).

If Solar system revolution speed S=220(km/s) is correct, the whole Galaxy must be moving at G=177(km/s) to cancel the motion. However, such relationship looks unnatural without the cause of Galaxy motion. If Solar system motion is far slower than S=220(km/s), such as its absolute motion Sa=45(km/s), the whole Galaxy motion becomes small, almost 0(km/s). This is one possibility. If S=220(km/s) is correct, there must be a huge mass must exist and affect the Milky way Galaxy. Andromeda galaxy nearest to Milky way galaxy is said approaching to Milky way galaxy at 122(km/s). Although because its direction is North-East from the Earth on Winter night, Andromeda is not the direct cause of the Milky way galaxy motion, its huge mass might be affecting the Milky way galaxy motion.

The detail is in the following link.

Earth is moving to Polaris.

2-8. Confirmation Experiment

In order to confirm the above results, additional observation was done on December 21-24, 2024 (Winter solstice), measuring the laser beam spot displacements of above 3 observation systems.

The results of Galaxy motion and Earth motion are almost same as the previous results, except for the Earth revolution direction change. Because the deviation between two observation results of the Earth motion and Galaxy motion is less than about ±8%, except for the Earth motion component EX, this method seems accurately measure the Earth motion.

The detail is in the following link.

Confirmation Experiment

These results are showing "the effect of Earth motion on the light propagation exists and be measurable", against the Michelson's failed experimental results, where no effect was observed. Consequently, Lorentz's "Length Contraction Hypothesis" and Einstein's "Special Relativity Theory" seem losing their premise and are not truth, because they were created to explain the Michelson's failed experimental results.

2-9. Rejected Paper

Following is a rejected paper by APS Physical Review D in Jun 2025 with a reason: the content is shocking but no supporting paper yet. This paper summarizes the Earth motion observed until March 2025.

Rejected Paper

3. Long-Term Observation

3-1. Earth Motion is Slower than Expected

To make the experiment more reliable, the observation system was stabilized by using iron plate/pipe and concrete blocks placed on concrete base which is connected to Earth bedrock.

With this stabilized system, Earth motion was observed for 16 days, December 18-26, 2025, and January 22-30, 2026.

Following graphs show these beam spot positions. They are not drawing a daily cycle but drawing about 4 days cycle. These graphs mean the Earth motion is frequently and largely changing its speed and direction.

By subtracting daily offset from beam spot positions, daily cycles are extracted and used to estimate Earth motion.

Following is the calculated Earth motion vectors from the beam spot displacements for 16 days. Mostly, Earth motion is far slower(5~9km/s) than Michelson expected(~30km/s). This can be another reason why Michelson failed his experiments in 1887.

４．What Results Tell

4-1. No Big Bang?

From above observation, the Earth motion is explained by the motions of the Earth, the Solar system, and the whole Galaxy. No other motion is detected in the observed data. Because the Earth motion includes all motions in the universe affecting the Earth, it can be said the universe is not moving except for these motions. If the Galaxy motion is not linear but a rotation, it can be said the Big Bang may not happened and the universe size is not changing. If the Big Bang existed, the universe expansion speed must be very fast, close to or faster than the light speed C=300,000km/s, as stated bellow. The Galaxy speed of G=213km/s is too slow, which is derived from the observed Earth speed of E=36km/s and the Solar system's revolution speed S=220km/s, which is the Galaxy rotation speed. Even if the Galaxy motion is linear, it might be a vestige of our Galaxy creation from the super-nova explosion. It will not be of the creation of the 3D space (the universe) from noting as stated in the Big-Bang theory. Consequently, the universe including our Galaxy and Earth seems keeping the same size without any expansion or shrinkage.

If the universe is expanding, the increasing of inter-stella distances must be observed. However, there seems no such report up to now, except for the Hubble's observation in 1929. Hubble didn't observe the inter-stela distance expansion, but he thought the Red-Shift of far stars color was caused by the Doppler effect of the stars, which are going away very fast, comparable to the light speed. the Red-Shift is the difference of the Fraunhofer-line positions of the stars from them of the Sun and they look shifting to longer wavelength (red) than the Sun's lines. The Fraunhofer line depends on the elemental composition of stars. However, it is not confirmed the elemental compositions of the Sun and far stars are the same. Also, the logic that the farther stars are going away faster seems unreasonable, as same as the Geo-centrism based on the belief, "God made the universe centering the Earth in it". Consequently, from the isotropy of the universe, the Earth must also be going away very fast and such motion must be observed in the above experiments. For argument's sake, if the universe is expanding centering the Earth, no Earth motion will be observed, and the appearance of inter-stela distances will not change. In such case, the Earth, which is the center of the Big-Bang, must be evaporated and not existing now. If the expansion power is balancing to the gravitation, the universe can be stable, but it is very critical balance. A small super-nova explosion will destroy the balance and the universe will shrink to one point or fall apart.

If all stars in the universe are revolving around bigger stars and their centrifugal forces are balancing to their gravity, the universe will be kept in a stable shape. For an example, even if some unknown force changes their revolution speed, if the change is not large enough, the revolution will be kept in an ellipse shape without any linear expansion or shrinkage, by changing their radius to match the centrifugal power to the gravity. Consequently, the answer to the question "What made the universe?" is "The left-turn of stars did. The left-turn will be by chance, but because of it the universe seems existing now."

Current cosmology says, "The age of the universe is 13.8 billion years from the Big Bang Theory or the estimated distance to the visible farthest star (14.4±0.8 billion light-years)". The Big Bang Theory says, "The universe was created from nothing by the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago. There was nothing before that." It is also said, "Because the red shift of star color is caused by the Doppler effect of the expanding universe." Also, "Because the red shift looks larger in the farther stars, the expansion is accelerating." Meanwhile it is said, "From the cosmic background radiation, the universe size must be larger than 78.0 billion light-years at least." Or, "By adding the Big-bang expansion factor, the visible universe size must be more than 46.5 billion light years." This means the Big Bang speed must be larger than the light speed. However, the Relativity Theory says, "There is no speed faster than the light speed". They look contradicting to each other. Either one or both might be wrong.

From these facts and observations, "There seems no vestige of the Big Bang," "The universe age must be older than 13.8 billion years. It seems natural to think "The universe exists from the forever past". The universe will be larger than the estimation from the cosmic background radiation. It is reasonable to think "The universe size will be infinity". "The light from the stars farther than 13.8 billion light-years will be just attenuated to invisible level". "The difference of Fraunhofer lines of starts might be caused by the difference of their elemental composition", or "because those stars are also revolving, the Doppler effect might be happening". Consequently, it seems natural to think "The universe is stable, not expanding". All these thoughts match to the above observation results. The identity of dark matter, which is said to be existing from the cosmic background radiation might be invisibly small dust and gas or dark stars in the space.

4-2. Wrong Geo-Centrism Believed for 1500 Years

From above consideration, the Relativity Theory seems same as the Geo-centrism. 2,000 years ago, Ptremios in ancient Rome improved the Geo-centrism, which was made by Aristoteles from the no-evidence faith "The God made the universe around the Earth," by introducing a double circle orbit model to explain mathematically the backrush motion of the planets, which couldn't be explained so far. Although the reason or mechanism of the double circle motion couldn't be explained, people may believed "because the God did so". and this new Geo-centrism had been believed to be true for 1,500 years, because it could well explain the backrush of planets, although it couldn't explain the fact "From this model, the moon size must be 4 times larger than its appearance." 500 years ago, Copernicus and others proposed the "Heliocentrism" which could explain the mechanism of planet backrush and solved the problem of Moon size. It is now believed as the truth.

4-3. Mystery of Relativity Theory

As same as the Geo-centrism, the mathematically correct Relativity theory was made based on the incorrect premise as explained above, "the light arrival time is same no matter the observation system is moving or not". Because this premise had been difficult to re-confirm after the Michelson's experiment, it seems have been believed as the truth for these 120 years. As the results, there are many strange sciences. "There is no common absolute time, and each relative time independently flows for each observer." "People never ages while travelling in a very fast rocket, because the time delays in such motion." "The gravity delays the time. Hence, the GPS system has its correction terms." "The gravity warps the no-mass vacant space. Hence, the no-weight light is also bent by the gravity." As a consequence, "the blackhole is dark because its huge gravity force never allows the light to go out." "The stars become shortly bright by the gravity lens effect of a planet crossing in front of the star. "

Relativity Theory says the delayed time on a moving system of speed V is T'=T*√(1-V2/C2 ), where C is light speed. This is just equal to what Michelson failed to measure by reflecting the light. If the light is not reflected as below, this coefficient will be break down.

Nowadays, the ratio of the Earth motion speed and the light speed (V/C) will be easily measured by comparing the arrival times L/(C-V) to the photo detector placed at distance L along the Earth motion, by a pulse light source (such as laser) and a high-speed oscilloscope, and the arrival time L/C by rotating the measurement system by 90°. Because the resolution of currently available oscilloscope is about 10Ghz (100ps), the difference (L/(C-V)-L/C ≒ (L/C)(V/C) = 100ps) will be observed on an oscilloscope screen by comparing the light arrival time on a tanker of L=300m long, with changing the ship direction by 90 degrees. Instead of measuring the arrival times, aligning the light direction to the Earth motion direction, by putting the light direction perpendicular to the Earth motion direction, we can easily measure the Earth motion effect as the beam spot displacement as stated above.

However, because there were no such tools nor the enough knowledge about the fringe patterns at that time, it might be inevitable that no one noticed these mistakes.

Because the Relativity theory is mathematically correct, there might exist such virtual world, but it seems never our world. From the above observations and the considerations, the Relativity theory seems not necessary for our world. Only the Newtonian Mechanics and the Wave Equation might be enough to explain all phenomena around us. For an example, in the improved Michelson's experiment, if we take the Relativity theory, a clock showing the delayed time for the arrival of the light parallel to the Earth motion, this clock must be moving together with the Earth, must show the not-delayed time for the arrival of the light perpendicular to the Earth motion. Such clock shows a wired but convenient behavior to the observer, changing its time according to the observer's interest, like in the "Alice's Adventure in Wonderland".

So, it seems more natural to think "there will be only one common absolute time in the world, and no individual relative time exists for each observer." In the same way, "the travelling people in a rocket takes same age as the staying people because the time never delays." "GPS's correction term exists to compensate the Earth motion E observed above." "The no-mass space and light never be bent by the gravity." "The black hole looks dark because its temperature is low, and it is not emitting light." "The star will shortly become bright by the lens effect of the atmosphere of the planet or by the diffraction caused by the edge of the planets, which is crossing in front of the star."

5．Review of Modern Science

Because the Relativity theory seems unnecessary for our real world, the modern science based on this theory for these 100 years, such as the Modern Physics and Astronomy, seems have to be reviewed without it.

If a laser was invented before 1881, people could have created better theories.

Because the Heliocentrism took 100 years until accepted, the review might take the same time.

Thank you for reading this research.

If you have any question or comment, please send your comment to

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Observe Earth Motion!

0. Introduction